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CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Taking 14 years, the Civil Rights Movement was brought up by people who wanted to be treated equally and was mainly about their treatment due to their race. It stopped segregation and institutional racism, which is racism brought by government forces, such as the Pentagon. The Jim Crow Laws was another problem for these people who were against racism. According to Wikipedia, it says," Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States." Here are a few activists who wanted their equality and changed lots of minds:
Civil Rights Movement
One of the results of the Civil War was the end of slavery, but that didn't mean the end of inequality for African-Americans. They still got bad treatment, discrimination, and racist impacts. The series followed several rulings by federal judiciary about separation and segregation doctrines. It also caused the passage of federal laws protecting civil rights, voting, and fair housing rights. It also enabled an amendment of the federal constitution known as the 24 amendment. Several federal agencies including Civil Rights Division in the department of justice, U.S commission on civil rights, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity in the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. Reconstruction Era African American people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.
In 1868, the 14th amendment the Constitution gave African American people equal protection under the law. In 1870,15th amendment granted African American American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they’d once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.
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Civil Rights Movement
Jim Crows Laws
To marginalize African American people, keep them separate from white people and erase the progress they’d made during Reconstruction, Jim Crows Laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century. African American people couldn’t use the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or go to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most African American people couldn’t vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.Jim Crow laws weren’t adopted in northern states; however, African American people still experienced discrimination at their jobs or when they tried to buy a house or get an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for African American Americans. Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Plessy v. Ferguson that facilities for African American and white people could be “separate but equal. Effects Of World War II
Before World war II started, most African American people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most African American Americans weren’t given the better paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military.
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELTS ORDERS:
President Franklin D Roosevelt issued a presidential executive order on June 25th 1941 opening Government and other national defense jobs to All Americans regardless of race, color creed or origin.
Rosa Parks Event of December 1 1955,
42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated African American passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks had complied.
When a white man got on the bus and couldn’t find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other African American passengers to give up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.
As word of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the “mother of the modern day civil rights movement.” African American community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister MARTIN LUTHER KING Jr. A boycott of Montgomery Bus System followed.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days. On November 14, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional.
Little Rock Nine Event
In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court made segregation illegal in Public Schools.
On September 3, 1957, nine African American students, known as the Little Rock Nine came to the Central High School made it inside, but had to be removed for their safety when violence ensued. Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered Federal Troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attention to the issue of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957
On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 into law, which was the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.
This Law allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud. There were some gains but African American Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives like segregation at Lunch time in Schools. After a lot of Student Protests and Sit-ins Students were given their rights. Segregation on Bus rides continued until a brutal attack on a greyhound bus in Montgomery Alabama. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy responded to the riders—and a call from Martin Luther King, Jr.—by sending federal marshals to Montgomery. Legal Battles still continued. In the fall of 1961, under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals
Washington March
On August 28, 1963one of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders More than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the main purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone. It was in this rally that Matin Luther King’s slogan’” I have a dream” became very popular and galvanized the national civil rights movement and became a slogan for equality and freedom.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
President John F Kennedy initiated a legislation which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson after Kennedy’s death. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.
Bloody Sunday, Alabama
ON March 7, 1965 civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated
to protest the killing of African American civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.
As the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police and brutally beaten Event was televised and became known as Bloody Sunday.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy testsCivil Rights Leaders AssassinatedIn the late 1960’s Civil Right leader Malcolm X was murdered in a Rally and on On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Dr.Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. Riots looting followed, and put more pressure on President Johnson administration to pass additional civil rights laws.Fair Housing Act of 1968Fair Housing Act of April 11,1968 became law few days after Dr. King’s assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era. The civil rights movement was a game changer but very tough time for African Americans. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, African American voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.
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